obywatel.
citizen (legally-recognized subject or national of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role)
Meaning & usage
citizen (legally-recognized subject or national of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role)
citizen (resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties)
term of respect used for men chiefly during the Polish People's Republic era
Where this word comes from
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi Proto-Balto-Slavic *ab Proto-Slavic *o(b) Czech o- Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- Proto-Indo-European *-t Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *bỳti Proto-Slavic *-vati Proto-Slavic *byvati Czech bývat Czech obývat Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr? Proto-Slavic *-jь? Proto-Slavic *-teľь Czech -tel Czech obyvatelbor. Polish obywatel Borrowed from Czech obyvatel. First attested in 1511–1540. Displaced Middle Polish obywaciel due to Czech and Ukrainian influence. Compare Slovak obyvateľ, Russian обыва́тель (obyvátelʹ).
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Definitions, grammatical labels, IPA, etymology and examples: Wiktionary contributors, extracted by Kaikki / Wiktextract. Adapted under CC BY-SA 4.0. Selected fields and authored examples are shown; third-party quotations and audio are omitted. See contributor history.
Last enriched 2026-09-10. Definitions are in English. Romanizations are shown when supplied by the source; syllable estimates are omitted for unsupported scripts.